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Roberta Joan "Joni" Mitchell, CC (née Anderson; born November 7, 1943) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and painter.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=JoniMitchell.com – Biography: 1943–1963 Childhood Days )〕 Mitchell's work is highly respected by critics, and she has deeply influenced fellow musicians in a diverse range of genres. ''Rolling Stone'' has called her "one of the greatest songwriters ever", and AllMusic has stated, "When the dust settles, Joni Mitchell may stand as the most important and influential female recording artist of the late 20th century". Her lyrics are noted for their developed poetics, addressing social and environmental ideals alongside personal feelings of romantic longing, confusion, disillusion, and joy. Mitchell began singing in small nightclubs in Saskatchewan and Western Canada and then busking in the streets and dives of Toronto. In 1965, she moved to the United States and began touring. Some of her original songs ("Urge for Going", "Chelsea Morning", "Both Sides, Now", "The Circle Game") were covered by folk singers, allowing her to sign with Reprise Records and record her debut album in 1968. Settling in Southern California, Mitchell, with popular songs like "Big Yellow Taxi" and "Woodstock", helped define an era and a generation. Her 1971 recording ''Blue'' was rated the 30th best album ever made in ''Rolling Stone'''s list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (''Blue'' is listed at No. 30) )〕 Mitchell switched labels and began moving toward jazz rhythms by way of lush pop textures on 1974's ''Court and Spark'', her best-selling LP, featuring the radio hits "Help Me" and "Free Man in Paris".〔(Ankeny, Jason. All Music Guide )〕 Her wide-ranging contralto vocals and distinctive open-tuned guitar and piano compositions grew more harmonically and rhythmically complex as she explored jazz, melding it with influences of rock and roll, R&B, classical music, and non-western beats. In the late 1970s, she began working closely with noted jazz musicians, among them Jaco Pastorius, Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny, and Charles Mingus, who asked her to collaborate on his final recordings.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mitchell, Joni (Roberta Joan Anderson) at Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians )〕 She turned again toward pop, embraced electronic music, and engaged in political protest. She is the sole record producer credited on most of her albums, including all her work in the 1970s. With roots in visual art, she has designed her own album artwork throughout her career. A blunt critic of the music industry, she quit touring and released her 17th, and reportedly last, album of original songs in 2007. She describes herself as a "painter derailed by circumstance". ==Early life== Mitchell was born Roberta Joan Anderson on November 7, 1943, in Fort Macleod, Alberta, Canada, the daughter of Myrtle Marguerite (McKee) and William Andrew Anderson.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=William ANDERSON )〕 Her mother's ancestors were Scottish and Irish; her father was from a Norwegian family (and possibly had some Sami ancestors).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Heart of a Prairie Girl: Reader's Digest, July 2005 )〕 Her mother was a teacher. Her father was a Royal Canadian Air Force flight lieutenant who instructed new pilots at RCAF Station Fort Macleod, where the Allied forces were gathering to learn to fly. During the war years, she moved with her parents to various bases in western Canada. After the war, her father began working as a grocer, and his work took the family to Saskatchewan, to the towns of Maidstone and North Battleford. She later sang about her small-town upbringing in "Song for Sharon". In Maidstone they lived beside the railroad track, where Mitchell waved at the only train that passed through each day. Many of the town's residents were First Nations people. Mitchell seemed athletic rather than academic, but still responded to her mother's love of literature and her father's love of music, and she briefly studied classical piano. At age eight, Mitchell contracted polio in an epidemic, and was hospitalised for weeks. No longer athletic, she turned her thoughts to her creative talent, and considered a singing or dancing career for the first time. By nine, she was a smoker; she denies claims that smoking has affected her voice. At eleven, she moved with her family to the city of Saskatoon, which she considers her hometown, on the Canadian prairies that have always inspired her. She responded badly to formal education, preferring a freethinking outlook, and was drawn to art, a pursuit often regarded as peripheral at the time.〔 One unconventional teacher did manage to make an impact on her, stimulating her to write poetry, and her first album includes a dedication to him. In twelfth grade, she flunked out (though she later picked up her studies) and hung out downtown with a rowdy set until deciding that she was getting too close to the criminal world.〔 At this time, country music was beginning to eclipse rock, and Mitchell wanted to play the guitar. As her mother disapproved of its hill-billy associations, she settled initially for the ukulele. Eventually she taught herself guitar from a Pete Seeger songbook,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Joni Mitchell Biography )〕 but the polio had affected her fingers, and she had to devise dozens of alternative tunings of her own. Later this improvised approach was "a tool to break free of standard approaches to harmony and structure" in her own songwriting. Mitchell started singing with her friends at bonfires around Waskesiu Lake. Her first paid performance was on October 31, 1962, at a Saskatoon club that featured folk and jazz performers.〔 At 18, her repertoire was widening, to include her own personal favorites like Edith Piaf and Miles Davis. Though she never performed jazz herself in those days, she and her friends sought out gigs by jazz musicians. Mitchell said, "My jazz background began with one of the early Lambert, Hendricks and Ross albums." That album, ''The Hottest New Group in Jazz'', was hard to find in Canada, she says. "So I saved up and bought it at a bootleg price. I considered that album to be my Beatles. I learned every song off of it, and I don't think there is another album anywhere – including my own – on which I know every note and word of every song." But art was still her chief passion at this stage, and when she finished high school at Aden Bowman Collegiate in Saskatoon, she took art classes at the Saskatoon Technical Collegiate with abstract expressionist painter Henry Bonli, and then left home to attend the Alberta College of Art and Design in Calgary. Here she felt disillusioned at the high priority given to technical skill over free-class creativity,〔 and also felt out of step with the trend towards pure abstraction, and the tendency to move into commercial art. After a year, at age 19, she dropped out of school – a decision that much displeased her parents, who could remember the Great Depression and valued education highly. She had kept gigging as a folk musician on weekends, playing at her college and at a local hotel. Now she took a $15-a-week job in a Calgary coffeehouse, "singing long tragic songs in a minor key". She also sang at hootenannies and even made appearances on some local TV and radio shows in Calgary. In 1964 at the age of 20, she told her mother that she intended to be a folk singer in Toronto, and she left western Canada for the first time in her life, heading east for Ontario. On the three-day train ride there, Mitchell wrote her first song, called "Day After Day". She also stopped at the Mariposa Folk Festival to see Buffy Sainte-Marie, a Saskatchewan-born Cree folk singer who had inspired her. A year later, Mitchell too played Mariposa, her first gig for a major audience, and years later, Sainte-Marie herself covered her work. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joni Mitchell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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